Spirit of America Bookstore

Cryptocurrency Companies, A to Z

back on Page 1: top of page brief history & timeline crypto support companies image gallery • links here on Page 1B: crypto companies A thru F • G thru M • N thru S • T thru Z on Page 2: books about cryptocurrency on Page 3: movies, plays, other media on Page 4: a few important people

"CRYPTOCURRENCIES ARE VERY SPECULATIVE INVESTMENTS AND INVOLVE A HIGH DEGREE OF RISK.
INVESTORS MUST HAVE THE FINANCIAL ABILITY, SOPHISTICATION/EXPERIENCE, AND WILLINGNESS
TO BEAR THE RISKS OF AN INVESTMENT, AND A POTENTIAL TOTAL LOSS OF THEIR INVESTMENT."

'cryptocurrency' entry at Wikipedia
blockchain technology entry at Wikipedia
NFTs / non-fungible tokens entry at Wikipedia
browse Best Sellers in Digital Currency Dept. {returns 100 ranked titles} at Amazon
search on keyword 'cryptocurrency' [returns 100+ titles] at Internet Movie Database

hedge fund Alameda Research [founded Nov 2017; folded Nov 2022]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alameda_Research
co-founded by Sam Bankman-Fried
co-founded by 'effective altruism' colleague Tara Mac Aulay

Alternative IRA Services dba BitcoinIRA = Bitcoinira.com
15303 Ventura Blvd., Sherman Oaks, California

Binance USD symbol BUSD - the world’s largest cryptocurrency trading platform
founded in 2017 by Changpeng Zhao, CEO from 2017 to November 2023

November 2023: Zhao, better known by his initials “CZ”, stepped down from his CEO role and pleaded guilty in U.S. court to money laundering; the D.O.J. alleges that Binance enabled people in sanctioned countries, like Iran & Russia, to trade on the platform, violating U.S. regulations against money laundering. Binance will reportedly pay a $4.3 billion fine but will stay open for business. Binance Coin fell 6% following the news, sparking a wave of drops across crypto.
November 2023: Binance is facing a different lawsuit from the S.E.C. that alleges the company artificially inflated its U.S. trading volume and offered crypto futures without registering as a futures commodity merchant.
Emirati investment fund M.G.X. [] recently completed a $2 billion investment in Binance.

        
cryptocurrency Bitcoin symbol BTC [launched 1/3/2009] - the world’s largest cryptocurrency by market value (1/2022)
2025 February: Bitcoin, a market bellwether, fell 18% - its steepest drop since June 2022.
2025 March 7: Dictator Trump signed an executive order establishing a U.S. strategic crypto reserve.
2025 April 6: Bitcoin fell below $79,000 - 39% off the all-time high that it set in January.
2025 Mon July 14: Bitcoin reached $122,571 in early trading – the first time that the cryptocurrency has crossed the $120,000 level.

Bitcoin Depot cryptocurrency teller machine company [est. 2013]
one of several cryptocurrency ATM companies that are 'preying on the poor' by charging high transaction fees

Bitcoin Policy Institute

Bitfarms, Ltd.

BitGo crypto IRA provider [est. 2013]
Headquartered in Palo Alto, California; the world’s largest processor of bitcoin transactions, processing over 20% of all global activity; SOC 2 Type 2 certified;
BitGo’s proprietary cold-storage wallets provide military-grade, multi-key security protecting your wallet against any single point of failure -
"simply put, no other crypto IRA provider can match this level of protection"

BitPay

crypto exchange Bitstamp Exchange []
2024 June: Robinhood bought the crypto exchange Bitstamp for $200 million as part of the trading platform’s push into digital assets.

cryptocurrency exchange Bittrex

cryptocurrency exchange Bitzlato based in Hong Kong

Blockchain.com [] San Francisco, CA

digital asset lending platform BlockFi [est. 2017] is based in Jersey City, New Jersey
halted withdrawals 10 November 2022, filed for bankruptcy 28 November 2022.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlockFi
http://www.blockfi.com/

Blockworks Inc. [], 133 West 19th Street in New York City
http://www.blockworks.co/

cryptocurrency BNB symbol BNB

cryptocurrency Buttercoin [] and co-founder Cedric Dahl

cryptocurrency exchange Buy Bitcoin Worldwide [est. 6/2015] is based in Santa Fe, New Mexico
http://www.buybitcoinworldwide.com/

crypto exchange Bybit [est. 2018]
As of 2021, Bybit was blocked from operating in the United States; in 2-2025 hackers stole $1.4 billion in the largest crypto theft ever.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bybit + https://www.bybit.com/en/

cryptocurrency Cardano symbol ADA

crypto lender Celsius Network [est. 2017] symbol CEL
filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 7/2022; founder/CEO Alex Mashinsky resigned 9/2022

Centra [] fraudulent credit card based on cryptocurrency
not a lot of info, best source is the Netflix docufilm of January 2024
the film's producers are adapting the documentary into a podcast series called "Creating A Con: The Story Behind Bitconned"
Ray Trapani, Centra co-founder; Robert Farkas, Centra CFO; Sohrab Sharma/Sam 'Sorbee', Centra co-founder; Allan Shutt, Centra Tech CCO

blockchain analytics firm Chainalysis []

Circle stablecoin [I.P.O. 6/2025]
recently went public, continuing to soar, and stock ended the week 70% higher.

cryptocurrency trading platform Coinbase Global, Inc. [est. June 2012] is based in New York City
CEO Brian Armstrong (1/2023) + co-founder Fred Ehrsam
official website • entry at Wikipedia

2012 June: Coinbase was founded. 2019 February: Coinbase acquired 'blockchain intelligence platform' Neutrino, an Italy-based startup. 2022 May: Coinbase was described as 'shrinking faster than Lake Mead'. 2023 January: Coinbase was fined $100 million by the New York State Department of Financial Services after an investigation found that Coinbase allowed customers to open accounts with insufficient background checks, including drug traffickers and child pornography sellers. 2024: Coinbase spent over $6 million on personal security for CEO Brian Armstrong. 2025 March 27: A federal judge ruled that the S.E.C.’s lawsuit accusing Coinbase of selling unregistered securities can go to trial, rejecting the crypto exchange’s bid to get the charges tossed. 2025 May 6: Coinbase is benefiting from the hype around new bitcoin ETFs, reporting a $1.2 billion quarterly profit, and that net revenue rose by 115%. 2025 May 8: Coinbase acquired Deribit, a popular Dubai-based cryptocurrency trading platform, for $700M in cash and $2.2B worth of Coinbase stock; the acquisition is the largest of its kind in the cryptocurrency industry. 2025 May 13: Investors welcomed crypto exchange Coinbase to the S&P 500. 2025 May 15: Coinbase’s wild week got much wilder when the New York Times reported that the S.E.C. is looking into whether the crypto exchange mis-stated the size of its user base in securities filings. The subject of the investigation appears to be Coinbase’s claim in past disclosures and marketing materials that it has 100 million 'verified users'; a company spokesperson said that it no longer reports that metric and the investigation should not continue. The report came just hours after Coinbase said that it could lose $400 million following a recent hack by 'rogue overseas' agents looking to steal customer data.

Coinbase Tutorial: Beginners Guide On How To Use Coinbase To Buy, Sell & Earn Crypto
watch 3/2024 tutorial [27:41] on YouTube

CoinFlip® cryptocurrency teller machine company [est. 2015]   
one of several cryptocurrency ATM companies that are 'preying on the poor' by charging high transaction fees; the world’s leading Bitcoin A.T.M. provider
with more than 5,500 kiosks, offering 24/7 customer support; they also operate the CoinFlip Preferred personalized OTC service, the CoinFlip Crypto Wallet app,
and crypto investment group CoinFlip Ventures; owned by G.P.D. Holdings, LLC
official website • no entry at Wikipedia (6/2025) • Benjamin Weiss, CEO

Coinlab [] - Peter Vessenes, CEO

Coinme cryptocurrency teller machine company [est. 2014]
one of several cryptocurrency ATM companies that are 'preying on the poor' by charging high transaction fees
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinme

Coinmerce [2017] - Choose from 400+ cryptocurrencies
founded by a small team in the Netherlands to provide a simple way to manage cryptocurrency

Coinsetter [est. 2014] - Jaron Lukasiewicz, CEO

publicly-traded bitcoin mining company Core Scientific []
filed for bankruptcy 12/2022; stock surged in July 2025 after the Wall Street Journal reported an agreement to be acquired by AI company CoreWeave.

Crypto.com cryptocurrency exchange company [est. 2016, renamed 2018] is based in Singapore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto.com

Crypto.com Arena [built 1999, renamed 12/2021], 1111 So. Figueroa Street in Downtown Los Angeles, California   

cryptokitties nftokens

cryptocurrency Dashcoin

Denariuz Bank, the world's first bitcoin-based bank [launch failed in 2014]
plan by Hotwire Preemptive Intelligence Group encountered regulatory difficulties with the Australian Tax Office and failed in 2014

cryptocurrency Diem [2018-2022]
originally Facebook's Libra crypto payment system; name changed to Diem 12/2020; sold off to Silvergate Capital 1/2022 for a reported $200 million
http://www.diem.com/en-us/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diem_(digital_currency)

                        
Digital Currency Group [est. 2015] founded by Barry Silbert; based in Stamford, Connecticut
controls the subsidiaries Foundry, Genesis, Grayscale Investments, and Luno; it also formerly owned CoinDesk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Currency_Group

cryptocurrency lender Genesis [2015-2023] filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy in January 2023
http://www.genesistrading.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(cryptocurrency_company)

Grayscale Investments, LLC [founded in 2013]
American digital currency asset management company and subsidiary of Digital Currency Group
offers a suite of over a dozen different funds covering Solana, Filecoin, Chainlink, and others
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale_Investments

Grayscale Bitcoin Trust crypto fund [launched 2015] - symbol GBTC
Grayscale already helps investors buy Bitcoin; they tried to create an E.T.F. for years and eventually took the S.E.C. to court to force the agency’s hand in approving the fund; in August 2024, a judge ruled in favor of Grayscale. S.E.C. approval on 10 January 2024 prompted Grayscale and a number of big-name investment firms to rush to file with the S.E.C. to create spot Bitcoin ETFs, and the agency was up against a deadline to decide; trading began next day; financial firms are already competing to have the E.T.F. with the lowest fee.
visit etfs.grayscale.com/btc to learn more

cryptocurrency exchange Luno [founded in 2013, purch 9/2020] is based in London
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Currency_Group#Luno

cryptocurrency Dogecoin symbol DOGE
Kabosu, the Shiba Inu dog who became a meme and lent her visage to Dogecoin, died at age 18 in May 2024; she rose to viral fame in 2010 when Atsuko Sato, a Japanese kindergarten teacher who had adopted the puppy two years prior, posted a photo of Kabosu with her eyebrows raised; the quizzical snapshot soon became one that the internet loved to write on and was then used as the emblem of the cryptocurrency Dogecoin, beloved by Elon Musk.
A digital token inspired by a Shiba Inu dog meme is now worth more than the company that pioneered the assembly line. 11-12/2024, dogecoin continued its post-election surge to become more valuable than 121-year-old Ford. As of last night, dogecoin had a market cap of $55.5 billion, compared to Ford’s $44 billion. But at a price of around 40 cents, it remains far below its record high of 72 cents from 2021, per Business Insider.—NF

cryptocurrency Ethereum [est. 2011] symbol ETH - Ether is the #2 digital currency (11/2022)
Vitalik Buterin co-founded ethereum in 2011

"The Infinite Machine: How An Army of Crypto-Hackers Is Building The Next Internet With Ethereum" [2020] by Camila Russo the fascinating, true story of the rise of Ethereum - the second-biggest digital asset in the world, the growth of cryptocurrency, and the future of the internet as we know it Kindle Edition from Harper Business [7/2020] for $10.99 Harper Business 9x6 hardcover [7/2020] for $17.29

Fartcoin memecoin []

Forsage was busted as a crypto pyramid scheme by the S.E.C. in August 2022

F.T.X. [2014-2022]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTX_(company)
filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy 11/11/2022

details cut to its own page in July 2025

crypto & AI infrastructure firm Galaxy [founded in 2018]

2025 May 16: Galaxy began trading on NASDAQ under the ticker GLXY, marking a major milestone for one of the sector’s more established players. Founded by
billionaire investor Mike Novogratz, Galaxy has become a key player in digital asset trading, lending, ETFs, and high-performance computing & AI infrastructure.

Gemini Trust Company, LLC - The Regulated Crypto Exchange
est. in 2014 by Cameron & Tyler Winklevoss - two locations in Manhattan, New York City
http://exchange.gemini.com/ website requires sign-up

The Gemini Credit Card is issued by WebBank
card makes it easy to invest in Bitcoin and other cryptos with a simple tap or swipe; rather than stressing over when to buy crypto,
you can earn it when making everyday purchases.
http://www.gemini.com/credit-card

Gemini Cryptopedia [est. 2020]

HEX crypto token [est. 2018] based on the Ethereum blockchain.
In December 2019, when the airdrop happened, the stock price was $0.00001717. For HEX, the all-time high was $0.4869 in September 2021. Most recently, HEX's stock price is at $0.02268. HEX tokens once cost 57c, they now cost $68.
2023 July 31: The Securities and Exchange Commission charged Richard Heart (aka Richard Schueler) and three unincorporated entities that he controls - Hex, PulseChain, and PulseX - with conducting unregistered offerings of crypto asset securities that raised more than $1 billion in crypto assets from investors.

official company website

         
crypto fund HyperTech Group / HyperVerse Global [2019-2024]
Launched in Hong Kong in 2019 as HyperCapital; scheme renamed HyperNation, HyperFund & HyperVerse; I.P.O. in December 2021; the collapse of HyperVerse Global
resulted in approximately $1.3 billion in customer losses. The chief executive is allegedly not a real person; an investigation by Guardian Australia found no records
of Steven Reece Lewis across various employers and educational institutions that were described in HyperVerse’s promotional materials.
HyperTech Group chairman Sam Lee + HyperTech Group’s founder Ryan Xu {in hiding 2025}
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HyperVerse
Blockchain council 8/2024 article
watch 11/2020 promo video [4:30] online at YouTube

IBEX + CEO Jose Lemus

cryptocurrency Iota

crypto platform iTrustCapital, Inc. []
"Buy & Sell 70+ Cryptocurrencies & Precious Metals 24/7 • Tax-Advantaged IRAs | Non-IRA Accounts •
Official Cryptocurrency Platform of the U.S.C. Trojans • #1 Award-Winning Crypto IRA Platform*

Kraken Digital Asset Exchange [] - the easy way to start exploring crypto
another of the world’s largest cryptocurrencies; "Your bridge to the world of crypto. Buy, sell, trade, earn, explore … Not investment advice."
official Kraken website

2023 November: The S.E.C. hit Kraken with a lawsuit that alleges the company artificially inflated its U.S.
trading volume and offered crypto futures without registering as a futures commodity merchant.

crypto company Ledger [] co-founders David Balland & Eric Larchevêque

Liberty Coin Farms, LLC crypto mining company [est. 2016], 1401 Ohio Street in Des Moines, Iowa
strives to become the premier and most-profitable cyrpto-mining company in North America
they are on Facebook

cryptocurrency Litecoin

crypto company Metaplanet, Inc. [est. June 1999] is based in Tokyo, Japan
2025 July 7: Metaplanet acquired an additional 2,205 BTC for $238.7 million, with total Bitcoin holdings reaching 15,555 BTC
official website • no entry on Wikipedia (6/2025)

M.G.X. [] is an Emirati investment fund
recently completed a $2 billion investment in Binance using World Liberty Financial’s USD1 stablecoin.

         
software company/bitcoin proxy MicroStrategy [est. 1989; rebranded 2/2025] is now Strategy
based in Tysons Corner, Fairfax County, Virginia - with many US & foreign offices
Bitcoin’s largest corporate holder (); in July 2024 announced plans for a 10-for-1 stock split.
http://www.strategy.com/ + http://www.strategysoftware.com/ + http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroStrategy
co-founders Michael J. Saylor & Sanju Bansal & Thomas Spahr

cryptocurrency Monero

cryptocurrency NEMcoin

crypto exchange O.K.X. []
pled guilty in early 2025 to violating U.S. anti–money laundering laws and agreed to pay a $504 million fine.

French crypto exchange Paymium [] CEO Pierre Noizat

PayPal []
announced in late July 2025: A service allowing U.S. merchants to accept payments in over 100 cryptocurrencies; this service, dubbed "Pay With Crypto", is designed to streamline cross-border payments, potentially reducing transaction fees by as much as 90% compared to traditional credit card processing fees. Merchants will receive U.S. dollars for the transactions, with the crypto-to-fiat conversion handled by PayPal; rumors suggest that the name might be 'PayPal Crypto Royal Exchange'.

mysterious Pharos USD Fund [] registered in Cayman Islands (7/2022)
largest creditor in Celsius bankruptcy with a claim for $81 million (7/2022)

cryptocurrency Polygon symbol MATIC

cryptocurrency Ripple

River Financial Services, Inc [] of Columbus, Ohio - Your Bitcoin, fully protected.
"Buy and sell #Bitcoin. Building generational wealth by making Bitcoin investments straightforward and secure. $0 fees on automated orders,
fully regulated, licensed, real human phone support." • official website
http://www.linkedin.com/company/riverfinancial/
http://www.riverfinancialgroup.com/

crypto-focused bank Silvergate Capital

SkyBridge []
In September 2022, the venture arm of F.T.X. bought a 30 percent stake in SkyBridge for $45 million, valuing SkyBridge at roughly $150M. SkyBridge will use $40 million from the proceeds to buy cryptocurrencies to strengthen its long-term balance sheet. The deal additionally provided F.T.X. with a three-year option to acquire 85 percent of the fund group. In November 2022, following the insolvency crisis at F.T.X., Scaramucci said that he was trying to buy back the stake. Additionally, he added that SkyBridge took a loss on its exposure to FTX's FTT token.
http://www.skybridgecapital.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SkyBridge_Capital

Terraform Labs [est. 2018] of South Korea, Singapore, and U.S.A.
closely associated with UST; manages stablecoin TerraUSD and the Luna cryptocurrency token