Spirit of America Bookstore

U.S.  Timeline  –  1801  to  1900

up to 1800    •    jump to 1901-1950    •    1951-2000    •    2001 to present

Manifest Destiny    •    Civil War Era    •    Reconstruction Era    •    Robber Baron Era


Manifest  Destiny

  • 1801 Feb 27: District of Columbia placed under the jurisdiction of Congress.
  • 1802 March 16: Congress established the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York; signed same day by President Jefferson.
  • 1802 May 3: City of Washington, D.C. incorporated.

  • 1803 April 30: Purchase agreement for the Louisiana Territory completed between France and the U.S., for a price of $15 million.
  • 1803 May 25: Birthday of transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson in Boston, Massachusetts; he died in 1882.
  • 1803 Oct 20: Louisiana Purchase ratified by U.S. Senate.
  • 1803 Dec 8: 12th Amendment proposed to states for ratification.
  • 1803 Dec 20: Formal transfer of 800,000-square-mile Louisiana Territory by France to the U.S., which doubled the country's land area.

  • 1804 March 10: Formal ceremonies transferring Louisiana Territory from France to U.S. in St. Louis on the Mississippi River, attended by Lewis & Clark.
  • 1804 March 21: France officially adopted the Napoleanic Code as law; the basic premises are the founding principles of the laws of Louisiana (as opposed to a basis in English law).
  • 1804 May 14: Under orders from President Jefferson, Lewis & Clarke's 'Corps of Discovery' expedition set out by keelboat up the Missouri River.
  • 1804 July 11: Pistol duel at Weehawken, New Jersey between U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr [1756-1836] and former U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton [1755?-1804]; Hamilton died of his wounds the next day.
  • 1804 July 27: 12th Amendment ratified by states.
  • 1804 Sept 25: 12th Amendment went into effect.

  • 1805 April 27: An American-led force of Marines & mercenaries captured the city of Dema 'on the shores of Tripoli', during the First Barbary War.
  • 1805 Nov 7: Lewis & Clark reach Gray's Bay, Washington and assume that they have reached the Pacific Ocean.
  • 1805 Dec 5: Lewis locates site for winter camp, called Fort Clatsop.
  • 1805 Dec 24: Ft. Clatsop completed, all move in.

  • 1806 March 23: Having stayed the winter on the Pacific Coast at Ft. Clatsop (near present-day Astoria, Oregon}, the Lewis & Clark expedition set out for home.
  • 1806 Sept 23: Lewis & Clark arrived back at St. Louis.
  • 1807 Jan 19: Birthday of Gen. Robert E. Lee in rural Virginia; he died in 1870.
  • 1807 Aug 3: Federal court in Richmond, Virginia began trial on charges of treason against former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr (he was acquitted).
  • 1809 Jan 19: Birthday of author Edgar Allan Poe in Boston, Massachusetts; he died mysteriously in Baltimore, Maryland in 1849.
  • 1809 Feb 12: Birthday of Abraham Lincoln in Hardin County, Kentucky; he was assassinated in 1865.
  • 1809 Feb 12: Birthday of scientist Charles Darwin in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England; he died in 1882.

  • 1812 June 4: Louisiana Territory was renamed the Missouri Territory.
  • 1812 June 18: At the urging of President Madison, Congress declared war against Britain by a vote of 98-62.
    1812 War With America  
    "1812: War With America" [2007]
    by Jon Latimer

    Belknap Press 15½x9¼ hardcover [9/2007] for $23.10
    War of 1812 Military History   "The Incredible War of 1812: A Military History" [1965]
    by J. Mackay Hitsman, updated by Donald E. Graves

    "The finest one-volume history of the War of 1812 ever published."
    Robin Brass Studio 9x6 pb [9/2000] for $16.88
  • 1814 Sept 14: Francis Scott Key wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner" after witnessing the bombardment by British gunboats of Fort McHenry in Maryland.
  • 1814 Dec 24: Signing of the Treaty of Ghent officially ended the War of 1812, although fighting in the field continued thru February.
  • 1815 Jan 8: U.S. forces led by Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans.

  • 1817 Feb 17: First street in America to be lighted by natural gas from America's first gas company, in Baltimore, Maryland.
  • 1817 July 12: Birthday of transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts; he died in 1862.
  • 1817 July 4: Construction began on the Erie Canal between Albany {on the Hudson River} and Buffalo {on Lake Erie}.

  • 1818 April 4: Congress passed a law defining the U.S. flag as 13 red-and-white stripes and a blue field with 20 stars, with one star to be added for each additional state in the Union.
  • 1819 Feb 22: Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. (Adams-Onís Treaty)
  • 1819 May 31: Birthday of poet Walt Whitman in Huntington, Long Island, New York; he died in 1892.
  • 1819 Aug 1: Birthday of author Herman Melville in New York City; he died in 1891.

  • 1820 Nov 18: U.S. Navy Capt. Nathaniel B. Palmer and his crew discovered the frozen continernt of Antarctica.
  • 1821: The Santa Fe Trail opened.
  • 1821 Feb 24: Mexico declared its independence from Spain as rebels proclaimed the "Plan de Iguala".

  • 1822: Englishman William Underwood set up a small condiment business on Boston's Russia Wharf; his sons put Underwood's Deviled Ham on the market in 1868 (oldest U.S. trademark still in use).
  • 1822 Feb 23: Charter granted to Boston, Massachusetts to incorporate as a city.
  • 1822 March 30: Florida became a U.S. Territory.
  • 1823 Dec 2: President Monroe outlined his doctrine opposing further European expansion in the Western Hemisphere.

  • 1825: The first Mountain Man Rendezvous at Henry's Fork, Wyoming.
  • 1825 Oct 26: The 363-mile Erie Canal in New York was opened to traffic.
  • 1827 Feb 28: Incorporation of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the first U.S. railroad chartered for both passengers & freight.
  • 1828 July 4: Charles Carroll, the last-surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, participated in the ceremony laying the first stone of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad.
  • 1829: Founding of the Yuengling Brewery in Pottsville, Pennsylvania – America's oldest brewery.

  • 1830: Founding of Woolrich Outdoor Clothing in Woolrich, Pennsylvania.
  • 1830 April 6: Joseph Smith established the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Fayette, New York.
  • 1830 May 24: First U.S. passenger railroad began service between Baltimore & Elliott's Mills, Maryland.

  • 1831: Camden & Amboy Railroad of New Jersey imported the 'John Bull' locomotive from England; the steam engine is now the oldest operative self-propelled vehicle in the world, on exhibit at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History.
  • 1832: Hot Springs, Arkansas was designated a 'National Preserve'; eventually received National Park status in 1921.
  • 1832 May 21: Democratic National Party opened its first convention in Baltimore, Maryland.
  • 1832 Nov 26: Launch of public streetcar service in New York City.
  • 1834 June: Albert Mason displayed a working model of his 'aerial steamboat' in Cincinnati, Ohio.
  • 1835 June 27: Birthday of restaurant tycoon Frederick Henry 'Fred' Harvey in England; he established 84 Harvey House restaurants & hotels in America, and died in Leavenworth, Kansas in 1901.
  • 1835 Nov 30: Birthday of author / humorist Mark Twain in Hannibal, Missouri; he died in 1910.

  • 1836 Feb 23: Start of the seige at The Alamo near San Antonio, Texas.
  • 1836 Feb 25: Inventor Samuel Colt received a patent for his 6-shot revolver.
  • 1836 March 2: Texas declared its independence from Mexico.
  • 1836 March 6: The Alamo in San Antonio, Texas fell to Santa Ana's army after a 13-day siege.
  • 1836 April 20: Congress established the Wisconsin Territory.
  • 1836 April 21: The Battle of San Jacinto (about 25 miles east of present-day Houston, Texas) was the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. Hundreds of Mexican soldiers were killed or captured, while there were only nine Texan casualties.
  • 1836 May 14: Mexican President Gen. Santa Anna signed the Treaties of Velasco, granting the Republic of Texas independence from Mexico. (Mexico did not officially cede Texas until the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War in 1848.)

  • 1837 May 10: Bank Panic of 1837, which caused an economic depression that lasted five years.
  • 1838 Jan 6: First public demonstration of the telegraph by Samuel F.B. Morse and Alfred Vail in Morristown, New Jersey.
  • 1842: Stephen Whitman opened a 'confectionery and fruiterer shoppe' in Philadelphia; the perennial Whitman's Sampler boxed candy was introduced in 1912.
  • 1843: Hand-cranked ice cream freezer patented by Nancy Johnson.
  • 1844 May 24: America's first telegraph line opened from Washington, DC to Baltimore, Maryland with inventor Samuel F.B. Morse transmitting the message 'What hath God wrought!'.
  • 1844 June 6: Founding of the Young Men's Christian Assn. in London, England.
  • 1844 June 27: Joseph Smith, leader of the Mormon church, was killed with his brother Hyrum in Carthage, Illinois.
  • 1844 June 15: Charles Goodyear received a patent for his process to strengthen rubber.
  • 1845 Jan 29: First publication of Edgar Allen Poe's poem "The Raven", in the New York Evening Mirror.

  • 1846 April 25: Beginning of the U.S. War with Mexico.
  • 1846 May: Founding of the Associated Press.
  • 1846 June 14: A group of U.S. settlers in Sonoma, California proclaimed the Republic of California.
  • 1846 June 27: Boston and New York City were linked with telegraph wires.
  • 1846 July 7: Mexican garrison at Monterey surrendered to U.S. forces, who then claimed annexation of California.
  • 1846 Aug 10: Congress established the Smithsonian Institution, named after donor James Smithson.
  • 1846 Aug 22: U.S. Army Gen. Stephen W. Kearny proclaimed annexation of New Mexico (which included present-day Arizona).
  • 1846 Sept 10: Elias Howe received a patent for his sewing machine.

  • 1847: New England ship captain Hanson Gregory invented the hole in the doughnut, to improve his mother's deep-fried pastries; commemorated by a bronze plaque at his hometown of Rockport, Maine.
  • 1847 Feb 11: Birthday of inventor Thomas Alva Edison in Milan, Ohio; he died in 1931.
  • 1847 July 24: Mormon leader Brigham Young brought his followers to the Great Salt Lake Valley in what later became Utah Territory.
  • 1847 Sept 14: U.S. forces under Gen. Winfield Scott took control of Mexico City.
  • 1848 Jan 24: James W. Marshall discovered a gold nugget at Sutter's Mill on the American River in California, leading to the 'Gold Rush' of 1849.
  • 1848 Feb 2: U.S. War with Mexico ended (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo).

  • 1848 Feb 21: Karl Marx [1818-83] and Friedrich Engels [1820-95] published the pamphlet "Communist Manifesto" in London, U.K.
  • 1848 March 19: Birthday of lawman Wyatt Earp in Monmouth, Illinois; he died in 1929 in Los Angeles, California.
  • 1848 May 30: William G. Young of Baltimore, MD received a patent for an 'Ice Cream Freezer'.
  • 1848 August: First U.S. women's suffragist convestion in upstate New York.
  • 1849 March 3: Congress established the Department of Interior.

  • 1850 April 4: Incorporation of the City of Los Angeles, California.
  • 1850 April 15: Incorporation of the City of San Francisco, California.
  • 1850 July 9: Zachary Taylor, 12th U.S. President, died after 16 months in office.
  • 1850 Nov 13: Birthday of author Robert Louis Stevenson in Edinburgh, Scotland; he died in 1894 in Samoa.
  • 1851 Sept 18: First edition of the New York Times published.
  • 1851 Nov 14: Herman Melville's masterpiece "Moby-Dick, or The Whale" was published by Harper & Bros. in New York City.
  • 1851 Dec 29: Founding of the U.S. branch of the Young Men's Christian Assn. in Boston, Massachusetts.
  • 1852 March 13: First use of the Uncle Sam character, in the New York Lantern newspaper.

  • 1852 March 20: Publication of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin". [historical site]
    Annotated Uncle Tom's Cabin  
    "The Annotated Uncle Tom's Cabin" [2006]
    Edited & with notes by Henry Louis Gates Jr. & Hollis Robbins

    W.W. Norton 10¼x8¾ hardcover [9/2006] for $26.37

  • 1853 July 8: U.S. Navy expedition led by Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Yedo {Tokyo} Bay in Japan on a mission to open diplomatic & trade relations with the Emperor.
  • 1853 Aug 24: When railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt complained that his fried potatoes were too thick, the chef at Moon's Lake House in Saratoga Springs, New York, an American Indian named George Crum, retaliated by slicing paper thin strips of potatoes and frying them to a crisp; Vanderbilt loved them, and 'Saratoga Chips' became an instant success.
  • 1853 Dec 30: U.S. bought 45,000 square miles of land from Mexico, known as the 'Gadsden Purchase'.

  • 1854 Feb 28: Anti-slavery political party created in Ripon, Wisconsin, which later became the Republican Party.
  • 1854 Aug 9: Henry David Thoreau published "Walden".
  • 1854 Aug 26: Launch of the last all-sail-powered U.S. warship Constellation, now a floating museum in Baltimore, Maryland. [Postage stamp issued 30 June 2004]

  • 1855 July 4th: First edition of Walt Whitman's self-published "Leaves of Grass"; many revisions & additions until his death in 1892.
  • 1856 May 15: Birthday of author L. Frank Baum in Chittenango, New York; the creator of "The Wizard of Oz" died in 1919.
  • 1856 July 9: Birthday of genius inventor Nikola Tesla in what is now Croatia; he died in 1943 in New York City.

  • 1857: Joseph C. Gayette of New York City invented toilet paper.
  • 1857 March 6: U.S. Supreme Court Dred Scott vs. Sanford decision, holding that a slave could not sue for his freedom in federal court.
  • 1857 July 30: Birthday of sociologist / economist Thorstein B. Veblen in Wisconsin; he died in California in 1929.
  • 1857 Aug 24: The failure of the Ohio Life Insurance & Trust Company (due to embezzlement in the New York branch) triggered further events that caused the Bank Panic of 1857, which spread around the world and lasted over two years.

  • 1857 Sept 11: One hundred forty men, women, and children from Northwest Arkansas were slaughtered by local Mormon settlers and their Indian allies about 40 miles southwest of present-day Cedar City, Utah; the event was covered up at the time, but is now known as the Mountain Meadows Massacre.
    Burying The Past  "Burying  The  Past:  Legacy  of  The  Mountain  Meadows  Massacre"
    [Patrick Film 2004]

    Historical documentary & re-enactment; produced, written & directed by Brian F. Patrick
    VHS & DVD available at website; full credits from IMDbofficial movie website
    Effigy   "Effigy: Mormons, Polygamy, Taxidermy, Love" [2007]
    by Alissa York

    A fictional account of a Mormon household in Utah, ten years after the Mountain Meadows Massacre.
    Thomas Dunne Books hardcover [9/2008] for $17.13
    Random House Canada hardcover [4/2007] out of print/used
    author's official website
    September Dawn movie   "September Dawn" [indep Aug 2007]
    Fictionalized re-enactment of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, where the Mormon landowner decides to slaughter a wagon train of 'gentiles' because his son is attracted to one of the women. Co-produced, co-written & directed by Christopher Cain; starring Jon Voight, Terence Stamp, Trent Ford, Jon Gries, Lolita Davidovich, Taylor Handley, Daniel Libman, Tamara Hope, Barbara Gates Wilson, Huntley Ritter & Dean Cain
    Sony widescreen color DVD [1/2008] for $19.94
    full credits from IMDbofficial movie site

  • 1857 Dec 3: Birthday of author Joseph Conrad in Berdychiv, Ukraine; he died in 1924 in England.

  • 1858: Founding of the U.S. branch of the Young Women's Christian Assn. in New York City.
  • 1858 April 6: President Buchanan declared Mormons in the Utah Territory rebels against the U.S. government.
  • 1858 Oct 18: United States took formal possession of the Department of Alaska from Tsarist Russia; the remote region was dubbed "Seward's Folly" after expansionist U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward who negotiated the Alaska Purchase that gained 586,412 square miles of new United States territory for $7.2 million (about 1.9¢ per acre).
  • 1858 Nov 30: Patent 22,186 issued to tinsmith John Landis Mason for metal screw-on lids for glass fruit jars; the distinctive rubber ring of the 'Mason jar' was added later.

  • 1859: The Great American Tea Company opened its first store; the name was changed to Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company in 1870; in 1912, the company began expanding into the A&P Economy Stores, America's first grocery chain.
  • 1859 March 1: Birthday of author / activist Charles Fletcher Lummis in Lynn, Massachusetts; he died in 1928 in Los Angeles, California.
  • 1859 May 24; The Brooklyn Bridge opened in New York City, allowing direct carriage & pedestrian traffic between Manhattan & Brooklyn.
  • 1859 Aug 27: Col. Edwin L. Drake drilled the first successful U.S. oil well, near Titusville, Pennsylvania.
  • 1859 Oct 16: Kansas abolitionist John Brown and 19 men captured the Armory at Harper's Ferry, {West} Virginia. The insurrectionists were overtaken next day by U.S. Marines led by Lt.Col. Robert E. Lee & Lt. J.E.B. Stuart. Brown's men had killed four civilians and wounded nine; ten of Brown's men were killed, including two of his sons.
  • 1859 Nov 20: Birthday of outlaw William Bonney aka 'Billy the Kid' in New York City; he died in Fort Sumner, New Mexico in 1881 at age 21.
  • 1859 Nov 24: Publication of "On The Origin of Species" in London, U.K. by British naturalist Charles Darwin [1809-82].
  • 1859 Dec 2: Hanging of abolitionist John Brown for his October raid at Harper's Ferry.



Civil  War  Era

War Film Festival - Civil War Movies

  • 1860 April 3: Launch of the Pony Express mail service, with similtaneous first runs from St. Joseph, Missouri westward and from Sacramento, California eastward.
  • 1860 Dec 20: South Carolina was the first state to secede from the Union, largely in reaction to Abraham Lincoln's election as President, and his statement that "Government cannot endure permanently half slave, half free."

  • 1861 Jan 9: Mississippi seceded from the Union.
  • 1861 Jan 10: Florida seceded from the Union.
  • 1861 Jan 11: Alabama seceded from the Union.
  • 1861 Jan 19: Georgia seceded from the Union.
  • 1861 Jan 21: Jefferson Davis and four other Southerners resigned from the U.S. Senate.
  • 1861 Jan 26: Louisiana seceded from the Union.
  • 1861 Feb 1: Texas voted to secede from the Union.
  • 1861 Feb 4: Delegates from six southern states met in Montgomery, Alabama to form the Confederate States of America.
  • 1861 Feb 8: The Montgomery convention announced the establishment of the Confederate States of America and declared itself the provisional Congress.
  • 1861 Feb 9: Jefferson Davis was elected President of the C.S.A., with Alexander Stephens as his Vice President.
  • 1861 Feb 11: President-elect Lincoln departed Springfield, Illinois for Washington, DC.
  • 1861 Feb 18: Jefferson Davis & Alexander Stephens were sworn into office in Montgomery, Alabama.
  • 1861 March 4: Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as America's 16th President.
  • 1861 March 11: The Confederate convention in Montgomery, Alabama adopted a constitution.
  • 1861 April 12: U.S. Civil War began when Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
  • 1861 April 15: President Lincoln declared a state of insurrection and called out Union troops.
  • 1861 April 17: The Virginia State Convention voted to secede from the Union.
  • 1861 April 29: Maryland's House of Delegates voted against secession from the Union.
  • 1861 May 6: Arkansas seceded from the Union.
  • 1861 May 20: The capital of the Confederacy moved from Montgomery, Alabama to Richmond, Virginia.
  • 1861 June 8: Tennessee seceded from the Union.
  • 1861 July 20: Congress of the Confederate States convened in Richmond, Virginia.
  • 1861 July 21: The First Battle of Bull Run was fought near Manassas, Virginia; won by Confederate forces, including a brigade of Virginians led by then-Colonel Thomas J. 'Stonewall' Jackson.
  • 1861 Oct: The Pony Express ended, due to the launch of the transcontinental telegraph.
  • 1861 Oct 4: Birthday of Western artist Frederic Remington in Canton, New York; he died in 1909 in Ridgefield, Connecticut.
  • 1861 Oct 24: First transcontinental telegraph message sent, from California to President Lincoln in Washington, DC.
  • 1861 Nov 6: Running unopposed, Davis & Stevens were re-elected to head the Confederacy.

  • 1862 Feb 22: Jefferson Davis was formally re-inaugurated to a 6-year term as President of the Confederate States of America, as was Vice President Andrew Stevens.
  • 1862 Aug 30: Confederate forces led by Gen. Robert E. Lee defeated Union forces led by Maj. Gen. John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run near Manassas, Virginia.
  • 1862 Sept 11: Birthday of author William Sydney Porter in Greensboro, North Carolina; he used the pen name O. Henry and is famous for creating "The Gift of The Magi" [1906] and The Cisco Kid; he died in 1910.
  • 1862 Dec 13: Union forces suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg in Maryland.

  • 1863 Jan 1: President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation declaring that slaves in rebel states were free became effective.
  • 1863 May 2: Confederate Gen. Thomas 'Stonewall' Jackson was accidentally wounded by his own troops in battle at Chancellorsville, Virginia; he died eight days later.
  • 1863 Oct 3: President Lincoln declared the last Thursday in November a National Day of Thanksgiving.
  • 1863 Oct 6: Opening of the world's first 'Turkish' bath, in Brooklyn, New York.
  • 1863 Nov 19: President Lincoln delivered a short address at the dedication of the new Gettysburg National Cemetery in Pennsylvania.

  • 1864 March 19: Birthday of Western artist Charles M. Russell; he died in 1926.
  • 1864 April 22: Congress authorized use of the phrase 'In God We Trust' on U.S. coinage.
  • 1864 Nov 29: Colorado militia killed at least 150 peaceful Cheyenne at the Sand Creek Massacre.
  • 1864 Dec 6: Birthday of silent movie cowboy star William S. Hart in Newburgh, New York; he died in Newhall, California in 1946.

  • 1865 Jan 31: Gen. Robert E. Lee was named general-in-chief of the Confederate armies.
  • 1865 Feb 10: Birthday of New Mexico lawman Elfego Baca in Socorro, New Mexico; he died in 1945.
  • 1865 March 20: Harriet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" became the first novel in history to sell a million copies.
  • 1865 April 9: U.S. Civil War ended as Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia.
  • 1865 April 14th: Actor John Wilkes Booth shot President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington, DC; Lincoln died early next day.
  • 1865 April 26: Union soldiers killed Booth at a farm in Virginia.
  • 1865 May 10: Union forces captured Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Irwinville, Georgia.
  • 1865 Dec 18: 13th Amendment abolishing slavery declared to be in effect.

  • 1866: Vernor's Ginger Ale soft drink invented by pharmacist James Vernor in Detroit, Michigan.
  • 1866 May 16: Congress enacted the creation of a copper-nickel alloy 5-cent piece to replace the smaller silver-copper 'half-dime' 5-cent coin (which was terminated in 1873).
  • 1866 Aug 20: President Johnson formally declared the Civil War to be over.
  • 1866 Dec 21: The Fetterman Massacre of U.S. Cavalry troops near Fort Phil Kearny; around 80 soldiers were killed, and most were mutilated; the Indians call the event The Battle of 100 Slain.



Reconstruction  Era

  • 1867 March 29: Britain's Parliament created the Dominion of Canada by passing the North America Act.
  • 1867 March 30: U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.
  • 1867 June 8: Birthday of visionary architect Frank Lloyd Wright in Richland Center, Wisconsin; he died in 1959.
  • 1867 Oct 18: United States took formal possession of Alaska from Russia.

  • 1868: Founding of McIlhenny Company, producer of Tabasco® brand products, at Avery Island, Louisiana.
  • 1868 Feb 24: The House of Representatives impeached President Andrew Johnson for attempting to dismiss Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.
  • 1868 May 16: Impeachment trial of President Johnson ended with acquittal by the Senate on all charges.
  • 1868 July 25: Congress created the Territory of Wyoming.
  • 1868 July 28: 14th Amendment, guaranteeing due process of law, was declared to be in effect.

  • 1869
    • Founding of Joseph A. Campbell Preserve Co. in Camden, New Jersey; renamed Campbell's Soup Company in 1922.
    • Founding of the Illinois candy company that invented natural-flavor Jelly Belly Candy in 1976.
    • Cornelius Swarthout patented the first U.S. waffle iron.
  • 1869 April: George Westinghouse received his first patent for a 'fail-safe' air brake system for use on railroad cars.
  • 1869 May 10: Completion of the U.S. Transcontinental Railroad noted with a ceremonial 'Golden Spike' driven at Promentory Point, Utah.

    American Experience Iron Road video from PBS   "American Experience: The Iron Road" [P.B.S./WGBH Nov 1991]
    The building of the railroad between Sacramento, California and Omaha, Nebraska from 1862 to 1869, a feat of engineering and backbreaking labor that opened up the riches of the West and turned America's dream of manifest destiny into a reality. Produced & directed by Neil Goodwin; narrated by Lief Ancker; DVD/Blu-ray not available
    PBS Home Video color VHS [3/2000] out of prodn/used
    WGBH Home Video color VHS [1992] out of prodn/used
    full credits at IMDbP.B.S. official movie site
    Modern Marvels Transcontinental Railroad video from History Channel   "Modern Marvels: Transcontinental Railroad" [History Channel Jan 1995]
    The transcontinental railroad project was unprecedented in both size and scope, from the time the first spike was driven into the ground to the modern rail transportation system as we know it today. Narrated by Harlan Saperstein
    A&E Home Video color DVD [12/2006] for $22.49
    full credits at IMDb
    American Experience Transcontinental Railroad video from PBS   "American Experience: Transcontinental Railroad" [P.B.S. Jan 2003]
    A fascinating look at one of the most spectacular engineering feats of the XIXth Century, as legions of tireless workers toiled for six years to realize the vision of imaginative engineers and shady entrepreneurs. Co-produced, written & co-directed by Mark Zwonitzer: co-directed by Michael Chin; narrated by Michael Murphy
    PBS Home Video color DVD [6/2006] for $22.49
    PBS Home Video color VHS [2/2003] out of prodn/used
    full credits at IMDbPBS official movie site

  • 1869 Oct 2: Birthday of peace activist Mahatma Gandhi in Porbandar, Gujarat, India; he died in 1948.
  • 1869 Dec 10: Women gained the right to vote in the Wyoming Territory.

  • 1870 Jan 10: Formation of Standard Oil Corporation.
  • 1870 Jan 26: Virginia was readmitted to the Union.
  • 1870 Feb 12: Women gained the right to vote in the Utah Territory.
  • 1870 Feb 23: Mississippi was readmitted to the Union.
  • 1870 March 30: 18th Amendment, giving black men the right to vote, declared to be in effect.
  • 1870 March 30: Texas was readmitted to the Union.
  • 1870 April 13: Founding of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City (which opened in 1872).
  • 1870 Feb 9: Congress established the U.S. Weather Bureau.
  • 1870 June 22: Congress established the Department of Justice.
  • 1870 July 15: Georgia became the last Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union.
  • 1870 Dec 12: Joseph H. Rainey was sworn in to the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming the first black U.S. Congressman.

  • 1871 Oct 9: Completion of the Grand Central Depot in New York City.

  • 1872: George Westinghouse invented the automatic air brake for railroad cars (not made mandatory until 1893).
  • 1872 Jan 31: Birthday of Western author Zane Grey in Zanesville, Ohio; he died in 1939 in Altadena, California.
  • 1872 Feb 20: Opening of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City (founded in April 1870).
  • 1872 March 1: Congress passed and President Grant signed a law creating Yellowstone National Park, the world's first.
  • 1872 April 5: George Westinghouse received a patent for an improved air brake system for use on railroad cars.
  • 1872 May 18: Birthday of philosopher Bertrand Russell in Monmouthshire, Wales; he died in 1970.
  • 1872 Dec 11: Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback took office as Acting Governor of Louisiana, becoming America's first black governor.

  • 1873: U.S. coinage of the silver-copper alloy 'half-dime' 5-cent piece was halted (already replaced by the larger 1866 copper-nickel 5-cent piece).
  • 1873 March 3: Passage of the Comstock Act – named for moralist U.S. Postal Inspector Anthony Comstock [1844-1915] – that made sending 'obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious' materials through the mail a federal offense. Unfortunately, the intention and usage of the Act was to prevent delivery of suffragist & contraceptive information (and materials); these laws are mostly still in effect, though the definition of obscenity was greatly modified in 1965.
  • 1873 July 1: Birthday of cinema pioneer Alice Guy-Blaché in Paris, France; she ran the Solax Studios in New Jersey from 1910-1920; she died in 1968.
  • 1873 Sept 20: The financial 'Panic of 1873' swept the New York Stock Exchange in the wake of railroad bond defaults and bank failures, triggering the worldwide Long Depression that lasted 65 months (until March 1879).

  • 1874: Invention of the ice cream soda in Philadelphia.
  • 1874 Feb 3: Birthday of author-feminist Gertrude Stein in Allegheny, PA; she died in Paris, France in 1946.



Robber  Baron  Era

  • 1875 Jan 22: Birthday of cinema pioneer D.W. Griffith; he died in 1948.
  • 1875 Jan 24: Birthday of painter Maynard Dixon in Fresno, California; he died in 1946.
  • 1875 May 17: Running of the first Kentucky Derby horserace in Lexington, Kentucky.
  • 1875 Sept 1: Birthday of author Edgar Rice Burroughs in Chicago, Illinois; the creator of Tarzan died in 1950.
  • 1875 Dec 4: William Marcy 'Boss' Tweed, head of New York City's corrupt Tammany Hall political organization, escaped from jail and fled the country.

  • 1876
    • Founding of Adams Sons & Co., makers of chicle-based chewing gum; added licorice flavoring in 1884, introduced Adams' Black Jack Gum, the first flavored gum in America.
    • Founding of Chase Candy Co., which in 1918 created the Cherry Mash® candy bar.
    • Melville Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan invented the carpet sweeper; patent received & company founded same year.
    • Hires Root Beer soft drink introduced by pharmacist Charles Hires in Philadelphia, PA.
  • 1876 Feb 2: Founding of the National League of Professional Baseball Clubs in New York.
  • 1876 March 7: Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for his telephone.
  • 1876 March 10: First voice transmission by telephone, as Alexander Graham Bell's lab assistant heard him say "Mr. Watson, come here."
  • 1876 June 25: Battle of the Little Big Horn in Montana: Sioux & Cheyenne warriors wiped out LtCol George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry troops.
  • 1876 Aug 8: Inventor Thomas Alva Edison received a patent for his mimeograph duplicator.

  • 1877 Nov 21: Inventor Thomas Alva Edison announced that he had invented the phonograph.

  • 1878: The first telephone directory was published in New Haven, Connecticut and contained 50 names.
  • 1878 Jan 28: The first commercial telephone switchboard began operation in New Haven, Connecticut.
  • 1878 Feb 19: Inventor Thomas Alva Edison received a patent for his phonograph.
  • 1878 Aug 21: The American Bar Assn. was founded in Sarasota, Florida.
  • 1878 Sept 20: Birthday of muckraker Upton Sinclair in Baltimore, Maryland; he died in 1968.

  • 1879: F.W. Woolworth opened his first store in Lancaster City, Pennsylvania; the chain folded in 1997.
    Remembering Woolworth's  "Remembering Woolworth's: A Nostalgic History of The World's Most Famous Five-and-Dime" [1999]
    by Karen Plunkett-Powell

    St. Martin's Griffin 9x7 pb [7/2001] out of print/used
    St. Martin 9¼x7¼ hardcover [12/99] out of print/used
  • 1879 March: End of the worldwide Long Depression that lasted 65 months (triggered by the New York Stock Exchange Panic of September 1873).
  • 1879 March 14: Birthday of physicist Albert Einstein in Ulm, Germany; he died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.
  • 1879 May 5: U.S. Supreme Court decided Reynolds vs. U.S., finding that religious beliefs, such as polygamy, are not a defense in criminal prosecutions.
  • 1879 Oct 21: Inventor Thomas Alva Edison perfected a workable electric light at his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
  • 1879 Nov 4: Brothers James & John Ritty of Dayton, Ohio received a patent for the first cash register machine.
  • 1879 Dec 20: Inventor Thomas Alva Edison privately demonstrated the incandescent electric light at Menlo Park, New Jersey.
  • 1879 Dec 31: First public demonstration of Edison's incandescent light at Menlo Park, New Jersey.

  • 1880: Samuel Bath Thomas purchased a bakery in Manhattan and featured Thomas' English muffins (unknown in England).
  • 1880 Jan 6: Birthday of silent movie cowboy star Tom Mix in Mix Run, Pennsylvania; he died in Florence, Arizona in 1940.
  • 1880 Jan 17: Birthday of silent-era studio head Michael 'Mack' Sennett in Danville, Quebec, Canada; he died at the Motion Picture Home in Woodland Hills, California in 1960.
  • 1880 Jan 27: Edison received a patent for his electric incandescent lamp.
  • 1880 Jan 29: Birthday of vaudeville & movie comedian W.C. Fields in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; he died in Pasadena, California in 1946.
  • 1880 Sept 12: Birthday of author / curmudgeon H.L. Mencken in Baltimore, Maryland; he died there in 1956.

  • 1881 March 8: Silver spike ceremony in Deming, New Mexico joining the Second Transcontinental Railroad (Southern Pacific from the west, AT&SF from the east).
  • 1881 May 21: Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
  • 1881 July 2: Charles J. Guiteau shot President Garfield at the Washington, DC railroad station; Garfield died the following September.
  • 1881 July 8: Druggist Edward Berners of Two Rivers, Wisconsin served the first 'ice cream sundae', putting ice cream in a dish and pouring flavoring syrup for soda water (not allowed on Sundays) on top.
  • 1881 Oct 26: 'Gunfight at the O.K. Corral' took place in Tombstone, Arizona; Ike Clanton's gang fought against U.S. Deputy Marshal Virgil Earp, his deputized brothers Wyatt & Morgan, and dentist 'Doc' Holliday; three Clantons were killed and Doc, Virgil & Morgan were wounded.
  • 1881 Dec 31: Mayor James R. Toberman switched on new electric street lighting in Los Angeles, California.

  • 1882 March 22: Congress passed a law outlawing polygamy, which was signed by President Arthur.
  • 1882 July 22: Birthday of painter Edward Hopper in Upper Nyack, New York; he died in 1967.
  • 1882 Sept 5: The first Labor Day Parade, in New York City.
  • 1882 Sept-Dec: Railroad hireling Roscoe Conklin gave purjured testimony during the San Mateo County v. Southern Pacific Railroad case.
  • 1882 Nov 6: Birthday of silent era studio head Thomas H. Ince in Newport, Rhode Island; he died mysteriously in 1924 in Beverly Hills, California.

  • 1883: Oscar Mayer opened a butcher shop in Chicago with his brother; company acquired by General Foods in 1981.
  • 1883: Legend has it that when a printer in Cheyenne, Wyoming ran out of white paper for the local telephone directory, he used yellow paper and thus invented the Yellow Pages.
  • 1883 Feb 2: Birthday of author Johnston McCulley in Ottawa, Illinois; the creator of El Zorro (in 1918) died in 1958.
  • 1883 Feb 3: Birthday of author Clarence E. Mulford [1883-1956] in Streator, Illinois; the creator of Western hero Hopalong Cassidy died in Maine in 1956.
  • 1883 May 23: Birthday of silent movie star Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. in Denver, Colorado; he died in Santa Monica, California in 1939.
  • 1883 May 24: New York's Brooklyn Bridge, linking Brooklyn and Manhattan Island, opened to traffic.
  • 1883 June 5: Birthday of economist John Maynard Keynes in Cambridge, England; he died in 1946.
  • 1883 Sept 8: The third major transcontinental railroad, the Northern Pacific Railway, was completed; the ceremonial gold spike was driven at Gold Creek, Montana Territory.
  • 1883 Nov 18: The General Time Convention, a system of standard time zones, went into effect in the U.S. & Canada replacing local time settings.

  • 1884: Creation of the Louisville Slugger baseball bat by 17-year-old John A. 'Bud' Hillerich, whose father owned a woodworking shop.
  • 1884 Jan 2: Birthday of pioneer filmmaker Oscar Micheaux in Metropolis, Illinois; he died in Charlotte, North Carolina in 1951.
  • 1884 March 13: Standard Time went into effect across the United States.
  • 1884 June 15: Birthday of silent movie comedy star Harry Langdon in Council Bluffs, Iowa; he died in Los Angeles, California in 1944.
  • 1884 Dec 6: Army engineers completed the Washington Monument obelisk by placing an aluminum capstone at its peak.

  • 1885: Charles Alderton of Waco, Texas invented the Dr. Pepper™ soft drink; the Dr. Pepper Museum opened in 1991.
  • 1885 Feb 21: Dedication of the Washington Monument cenotaph.
  • 1885 March 26: Eastman Dry Plate & Film Company of Rochester, New York manufactured the first commercial motion picture film.
  • 1885 June: Arrival of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor from France, aboard the sailing ship Isere.
  • 1885 July 29: Birthday of silent movie actress Theda Bara in Cincinnati, Ohio; she quit acting in 1926 and died in 1955 in Los Angeles, California.
  • 1885 Sep 22: Birthday of Erich von Stroheim in Vienna, Austria-Hungary; the director of "Greed" [1924] died in 1957 near Paris, France.

  • 1886: Opening of the first golf course in the U.S. by John Hamilton Gillespie in Sarasota, Florida.
  • 1886: Milton Hershey founded a candy company in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
  • 1886 May 4: 'The Haymarket Massacre' of labor strikers in Chicago, Illinois.
  • 1886 May 8: Pharmacist John Styth Pemberton of Atlanta, Georgia invented the flavor syrup for Coca-Cola® soft drink.
  • 1886 May 10: The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in "Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Company" that corporations are 'persons' having the same rights as human beings, based on the 14th Amendment (which was intended to protect the rights of former slaves). [story]
  • 1886 Oct 10: Debut of the tuxedo dinner jacket at the Autumn Ball in Tuxedo Park, New Jersey.
  • 1886 Oct 28: Dedication of the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor by President Cleveland.
  • 1886 Nov 18: Birthday of Hollywood screenwriter Frances Marion in San Francisco, California; she died in 1973.
  • 1886 Dec 1: Birthday of mystery author Rex Stout in Noblesville, Indiana; the creator of Nero Wolfe & Archie Goodwin died in 1975.
  • 1886 Dec 8: Founding of the American Federation of Labor in Columbus, Ohio.
  • 1886 Dec 24: Birthday of movie director Michael Curtiz in Budapest, Austria-Hungary; he died in Hollywood, California in 1962.

  • 1887 Jan 20: U.S. Senate approved an agreement to lease Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a naval base.
  • 1887 March 11: Birthday of movie director Raoul Walsh in New York City; he died in Simi Valley, California in 1980.
  • 1887 March 22: Birthday of Leonard 'Chico' Marx in New York City; the oldest member of 'The Marx Brothers' comedy team died in Hollywood, California in 1961.
  • 1887 March 24: Birthday of silent movie comedy star Roscoe Conkling 'Fatty' Arbuckle in Smith Center, Kansas; he died in New York City in 1933.
  • 1887 Oct 4: The New York Herald newspaper founded its Paris Herald edition in France, which later became the International Herald Tribune, operated since 2003 as the Global Edition of The New York Times.
  • 1887 Nov 15: Birthday of painter Georgia O'Keeffe near Sun Prairie, Wisconsin; she died in 1986 in Santa Fe, New Mexico.

  • 1888 June 13: Congress established the Department of Labor.
  • 1888 July 23: Birthday of mystery author Raymond Chandler in Chicago, Illinois; he died in Laguna Beach, California in 1959.
  • 1888 Sept 4: George Eastman received a patent for his roll-film camera and registered his Kodak trademark.
  • 1888 Oct 16: Birthday of playwright Eugene O'Neill in New York City; he died in Boston, Massachusetts in 1953.
  • 1888 Nov 23: Birthday of Arthur Adolph 'Harpo' Marx in New York City; the second member of 'The Marx Brothers' comedy team died in Los Angeles, California in 1964.

  • 1889
    • Founding of McCormick Spice Co. in Baltimore, Maryland.
    • First U.S. pedestrian killed by an automobile, when Arthur Smith ran over Henry Bliss at the corner of 74th Street and Central Park West in New York City.
    • The first coin-operated telephone was installed at a bank in Hartford, CT.
  • 1889 Jan 5: First printed mention of the hamburger sandwich, in a Walla Walla, Washington newspaper.
  • 1889 April 16: Birthday of silent film star Charles Chaplin in London, England; he died in 1977 in Switzerland.
  • 1889 July 8: First publication of The Wall Street Journal.
  • 1889 July 17: Birthday of mystery author Erle Stanley Gardner in Malden, Massachusetts; the creator of defense lawyer Perry Mason died at his ranch near Temecula, California in 1970.
  • 1889 Nov 23: The first jukebox made its debut at the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco, California.

  • 1890: George Bayle, Jr. invented peanut butter.
  • 1890: Founding of the American Biscuit Co. by Adolphus Green in Chicago; the New York Biscuit Co. was formed by merger of 8 companies; those two and United States Baking Co. merged in 1898 to form the National Biscuit Co.; first used Nabisco trademark in 1901.
  • 1890 Jan 25: Founding of the United Mine Workers of America.
  • 1890 Feb 26: Birthday of silent movie cowboy star Fred Thomson in Pasadena, California; he died in Beverly Hills, California in 1928.
  • 1890 Sept 25: President Benjamin Harrison signed the law establishing Sequoia National Park.
  • 1890 Oct 2: Birthday of Julius Henry 'Groucho' Marx in New York City; the middle member of 'The Marx Brothers' comedy team died in Los Angeles, California in 1977.
  • 1890 Oct 9: Birthday of radio evangalist Aimee Semple McPherson near Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada; she died in Oakland, California in 1944.
  • 1890 Oct 11: Founding of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Washington, DC.
  • 1890 Dec 5: Birthday of movie director Friedrich Christian Anton 'Fritz' Lang in Vienna, Austria; he died in Beverly Hills, California in 1976.
  • 1890 Dec 29: 'Wounded Knee Massacre' of 300 Sioux Indians in South Dakota, killed by U.S. troops sent to disarm them.

  • 1891: William Wrigley, Jr. began selling powdered soap, then baking powder; added chewing gum packs as an incentive; introduced first Wrigley chewing gum brands in 1892.
  • 1891 Aug 24: Inventor Thomas Alva Edison filed patents for the Kinetograph 35mm camera & the Kinetoscope viewer.
  • 1891 Sept: Launch of the American factory producing rennet for cheesemaking in Little Falls, New York, a branch of a Danish company founded in 1874; the company is now Junket Desserts.

  • 1892: Founding of Geo. A. Hormel & Co. as a small retail store in downtown Austin, Minnesota.
  • 1892 Jan 18: Birthday of movie comedian Oliver Norvell Hardy in Harlem, Georgia; he died in North Hollywood, California in 1957.
  • 1892 Jan 28: Birthday of movie director Ernst Lubitsch in Berlin, Germany; he died in Hollywood, California in 1947.
  • 1892 May 28: Founding of the Sierra Club in San Francisco.
  • 1892 May 29: Birthday of author & poet Frederick Schiller Faust in Seattle, Washington; his primary pen name was Western author Max Brand; he died in combat in Italy in 1944.
  • 1892 Summer: Earliest documented ice cream sundae, advertised by the Platt & Colts Soda Fountain in Ithaca, New York after invention by owner Chester Platt & Rev. John Scott.
  • 1892 June-Oct: The Homestead Strike at the Carnegie Steel Mill.
  • 1892 July 1: Birthday of 'hard-boiled' mystery author James M. Cain in Annapolis, Maryland; he died in 1977.
  • 1892 Aug: The Pledge of Allegiance was created by socialist Francis Bellamy.
  • 1892 Aug 23: Birthday of movie cowboy star Hoot Gibson in Tekamah, Nebraska; he died in 1962 at the Motion Picture Home in Woodland Hills, California.
  • 1892 Oct 5: The Dalton Gang train robbers were nearly wiped out in their attempt to rob two banks in Coffeyville, Kansas.
  • 1892 Oct 18: Formal opening of the first long-distance telephone line, between Chicago and New York City (it could handle only one call at a time).
  • 1892 Oct 23: Birthday of Milton 'Gummo' Marx in New York City; the fourth member of 'The Marx Brothers' comedy team died in Palm Springs, California in 1977.

  • 1893
    • William Wrigley, Jr. introduced chewing gum brands Spearmint & JuicyFruit.
    • Good & Plenty® candy - oldest branded candy in the United States - introduced by Quaker City Confectionery Co. in Philadelphia.
    • World's Fair {aka Columbian Exposition) introduced Aunt Jemima's Pancake Mix, Cracker Jack® snacks, the Ferris Wheel, and electric lighting [constructed by Nikola Tesla & George Westinghouse].
    Images of America 1893 World's Columbian Exposition book by Chaim M. Rosenberg  
    "Images of America: America At The Fair - Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition" [2008]
    by Chaim M. Rosenberg

    Arcadia Publng 9x6½ pb [2/2008] for $18.24
  • 1893 Jan 17: A group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate, ending Hawaii's monarchy.
  • 1893 Feb: Genius inventor Nikola Tesla lectured on the principles of 'wireless telegraphy' [broadcast radio] at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, PA.
  • 1893 Feb 1: Inventor Thomas Alva Edison completed work on the world's first motion picture studio in West Orange, New Jersey.
  • 1893 March 2: Congress passed the Safety Appliance Act making automatic air brakes mandatory on all railroad cars; the accident/injury rate dropped 60% within a year.
  • 1893 April 20: Birthday of silent movie comedy star Harold Lloyd in Burchard, Nebraska; he died in Beverly Hills, California in 1971.
  • 1893 May 9: First public demonstration of Edison's Kinetoscope in Brooklyn, New York.
  • 1893 June 20: Founding of the first U.S. industrial union, the American Railway Union in Chicago, led by Eugene V. Debs.
  • 1893 June 27: The financial 'Panic of 1893' was a crash of the New York stock market caused by a run on the gold supply, the worst economic crisis to hit the nation in its history to that point.
  • 1893 Aug 22: Birthday of author / wit Dorothy Parker in Long Branch, New Jersey; she died in 1967.
  • 1893 Aug 29: Founding of Southern California Fruit Exchange by independent citrus growers in California; brand name Sunkist introduced in 1908.
  • 1893 Sept 16: Oklahoma Cherokee Strip Land Rush.
  • 1893 Oct 6: Introduction of Cream of Wheat® brand farina hot cereal, by Diamond Milling Co. of Grand Forks, North Dakota.
  • 1893 Oct 20: Birthday of silent movie actor-director Charley Chase in Baltimore, Maryland; he died in Hollywood, California in 1940.
  • 1893 Nov 7: Women gained the right to vote in Colorado.

  • 1894: While experimenting with shredded wheat cereal, the Kellogg brothers accidentlally invented flaked wheat cereal; created flaked corn cereal in 1898; founded Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Co in 1906.
  • 1894: Founding of Robinson-Danforth Commission Co. to produce animal feed; line of Purina human food products introduced in 1898; company name changed to Ralston Purina in 1902.
  • 1894 Feb 1: Birthday of film director John Ford in Cape Elizabeth, Maine; he died in Palm Desert, California in 1973.
  • 1894 Feb 3: Birthday of illustrator Norman Rockwell in New York City; he died in 1978 in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.
  • 1894 Feb 8: Birthday of movie director King Vidor in Galveston, Texas; he died at his ranch in Paso Robles, California in 1982.
  • 1894 May 27: Birthday of mystery author Dashiell Hammett in Maryland; he died in New York City in 1961.
  • 1894 May-Aug: The Pullman Strike in Illinois.
  • 1894 June 24: Congress passed a bill making Labor Day a national holiday, on the First Monday of September; soon signed into law by President Garfield.
  • 1894 July 4: The Republic of Hawai'i declared itself into existence (to be annexed by the United States four years later).
  • 1894 Aug 18: Congress established the Bureau of Immigration.
  • 1894 Dec 8: Birthday of humorist James Thurber in Columbus, Ohio; he died in 1961 in New York City.

  • 1895: Charles William Post introduced cereal-based Postum coffee substitute; introduced Grape-Nuts ready-to-eat cereal in 1897; introduced corn flakes cereal in 1908, later renamed Post Toasties; purchased Jell-O Company in 1925; company renamed General Foods on 24 July 1929.
  • 1895: Introduction of condensed canned soup by Joseph A. Campbell Preserve Co.
  • 1895 June 4: Henry Ford made a successful test run in his 'quadricycle' horseless carriage thru the pre-dawn streets of Detroit, Michigan.
  • 1895 July 12: Birthday of inventor / thinker R. Buckminster Fuller in Milton, Massachusetts; he died in Los Angeles, California in 1983.
  • 1895 Oct 4: Birthday of film comic Buster Keaton in Piqua, Kansas; he died at the Motion Picture Home in Woodland Hills, California in 1966.
  • 1895 Oct 15: Patent for shredded wheat awarded to Henry D. Perky of Denver, Colorado; credited as the first mass-produced & nationally-distributed ready-to-eat cereal.

  • 1896: Ice cream cone invented by New York City street vendor Italo Marchiony; received patent for cone-making mold in 1903.
  • 1896: Leo Hirschfield introduced a chewy, chocolate-flavored candy at his store in New York City, named for his daughter 'Tootsie'.
  • 1896 April 20: The first time people paid to see a movie in the United States, at Koster & Bial's Music Hall in New York City.
  • 1896 July 9: William Jennings Bryan delivered his 'cross of gold' speech at the Democratic Party's National Convention in Chicago.
  • 1896 Aug 17: Discovery of gold in Alaska, touching off the Klondike Gold Rush.
  • 1896 Aug 29: The chef to visiting Chinese Ambassador Li Hung-chang invented the Chinese-American dish 'chop suey' in New York City.
  • 1896 Sept 10: Launch of the King Arthur Flour brand.
  • 1896 Sept 24: Birthday of author F. Scott Fitzgerald in St. Paul, Minnesota; he died in 1940 in Hollywood, California.

  • 1897: Jerome Monroe Smucker began selling prepared apple butter in Orrville, Ohio; incorporated J.M. Smucker Co. in 1921; introduced preserves & jellies in 1923.
  • 1897 May 18: Birthday of movie producer-director Frank Capra in Bisacquino, Sicily, Italy; he died in La Quinta, California in 1991.
  • 1897 May 28: Introduction of Jell-O® fruit-flavored gelatin dessert in LeRoy, New York.
  • 1897 Sept 20: The New York Sun newspaper ran its famous editorial that declared "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus".
  • 1897 Sept 25: Birthday of Pulitzer- & Nobel-winning author William Faulkner in New Albany, Mississippi; he died in 1962 in Byhalia, Mississippi.
  • 1897 Nov: Ransom E. Olds received a patent for his 'horseless carriage'.

  • 1898: Merger of eighteen west coast canning companies (including the Del Monte brand) to form the California Fruit Canners Association, which merged with three more canners in 1916 to form California Packing Corp.
  • 1898: Pharmacist Caleb Bradham invented a new soft drink called Brad's Drink; renamed it Pepsi-Cola™ the same year; Pepsi-Cola™ soft drink was trademarked in June 1903.
  • 1898 Jan 1: The five boroughs of Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens & Staten Island were consolidated to form New York City.
  • 1898 Jan 23: Birthday of cinema master Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein in Latvia; he died in Moscow, Soviet Union in 1948.
  • 1898 January 23: Birthday of actor Randolph Scott in Orange County, Virginia; he died in 1987 in Beverly Hills, California.
  • 1898 Feb 15: The U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously blew up in the harbor at Havana, Cuba; over 260 crewmen were killed.
  • 1898 April 11: President McKinley asked Congress to authorize military intervention in Cuba.
  • 1898 April 24: Spain declared war on the U.S. after America's ultimatum to withdraw from Cuba.
  • 1898 April 25: The U.S. declared war on Spain.
  • 1898 July 1: Teddy Roosevelt and his 'Rough Riders' charged up Kettle and San Juan hills in Cuba.
  • 1898 July 4: The Republic of Hawai'i was annexed by the United States.
  • 1898 Aug 12: Peace protocol was signed ending the Spanish-American War.
  • 1898 Aug 29: Birthday of filmmaker Preston Sturges in Chicago, Illinois; he died in 1959 in New York City.
  • 1898 Sept 26: Birthday of composer George Gershwin in Brooklyn, New York; he died in 1937 in Hollywood, California.
  • 1898 Oct 18: American flag raised over Puerto Rico.
  • 1898 Dec 10: Spanish-American War officially ended (Treaty of Paris).

  • 1899: Introduction of Dentyne® gum by New York druggist Franklin V. Canning.
  • 1899 April 11: The treaty ending the Spanish-American War was declared in effect.
  • 1899 july 7: Birthday of movie director George Cukor in New York City; he died in Los Angeles, California in 1983.
  • 1899 July 21: Birthday of author Ernest Hemingway in Oak Park, Illinois; he died in 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho.
  • 1899 Nov 25: Birthday of author W.R. Burnett in Springfield, Ohio; he died in 1982 in Santa Monica, California.
  • 1899 Dec 18: #6 worst one-day Dow-Jones Industrial Average decline of 8.72%.
  • 1899 Dec 25: Birthday of actor Humphrey Bogart in New York City; he died in Los Angeles, California in 1957.

  • 1900 March 14: Congress ratified the Gold Standard Act.
  • 1900 May 1: The Winter Quarters Mine near Scofield, Utah exploded due to accumulation of coal dust; at least 200 miners were killed, and possibly as many as 246; worst U.S. mining disaster at the time, now ranks fifth. {Wikipedia}
  • 1900 Oct 3: Birthday of author Thomas Wolfe in Asheville, North Carolina; he died in 1938.
  • 1900 Oct 14: Birthday of management visionary Dr. Wm. Edwards Deming in Sioux Ciy, Iowa; he died in Washington, DC in 1993.
  • 1900 Dec 23: Reginald A. Fessenden of Canada broadcast the first known transmission of speech over the radio, for a distance of about one mile.
  • 1900 Dec 27: Militant prohibitionist Carry A. Nation's first public destruction of a saloon, the bar at the Carey Hotel in Wichita, Kansas.

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